ACI Asia-Pacific’s study on airfare trends in the region revealed that while airport charges have remained flat since the pandemic, airfares have soared above pre-pandemic levels as major airlines reap record profits hampering the aviation industry recovery.

In collaboration with Flare Aviation Consulting, the study examined around 36,000 routes in the top 10 aviation markets in Asia-Pacific and the Middle East, which showed an alarming increase in international airfares by up to 50%, while domestic routes went up by less than 10%. The markets that saw the highest airfare increase are India (41%), the UAE (34%), Singapore (30%) and Australia (23%).

In 1Q2023, despite a progressive increase in traffic, domestic airfares have continued to increase in several of these markets, including India, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, South Korea and Japan, only decreasing marginally on international routes.

Airlines are capitalising on low competition and pent-up demand to increase profits and recover losses incurred during the pandemic, while airports continue to provide enhanced services to passengers despite incurring heavy operational and capital expenditures.

Expressing concerns about the high-pricing practice, Stefano Baronci, director general of ACI Asia-Pacific, said: “These excessive airfares threaten the industry’s long-term recovery and may have a far-reaching influence on the associated industry by reducing demand for air travel and increasing the financial burden on the already stressed sector.

“Airlines should exercise fair pricing that supports recovery and safeguards consumers’ interests. A supply-demand imbalance should not be exploited by airlines at the expense of customers by restricting the capacity, especially international one which is a key driver of social and economic growth and a major source of revenues for the airport sector.”

He added that governments should consider “liberalising markets through policies such as open skies” to help keep airfares “under control” while allowing competition.

Factors behind airfare increases
Fuel prices and inflation are responsible for a significant portion of airfare increase. Fuel prices went up 76% in 2022 compared to 2019. The airlines’ costs increased as the Consumer Price Index saw an average 10% increase over the same period.

Several major international airlines recently announced record profits for the year 2022 financial year. However, airport operators have been reporting negative EBITDA margins for the last 10 consecutive quarters, particularly in China, Japan, Thailand and India.

Airport charges vs airfares
Despite a decrease in passengers and continuous financial losses, airports have made tremendous efforts to support airline partners during the crisis. They accomplished this by freezing or reducing airport charges, including landing, parking, and passenger fees, as well as providing incentives at the peak of the pandemic.

This is despite the fact that airports have made significant investments in capital expansion and technology during this period to ensure a secure and smooth airport experience.

While the quantum of airport charges has always been a matter of debate, it has typically been attributed to increases in airfares. For the record, airport charges are unlikely to have a major cascading impact on airfares as they account for less than 4% of the airline cost base and the ACI Asia-Pacific study demonstrates no correlation between airport charges and airfares.

Airport charges are determined predominantly based on objective items of the airport’s cost base, comprising operating expenses, depreciation, and cost of capital. These charges cover the cost of operations, maintenance, and development of airport infrastructure. Airlines, however, enjoy absolute market freedom to adjust pricing according to operational costs.

Baronci remarked: “One fact is clear. As it has been largely the case in the past, airport charges are not the reason for airfares increase in Asia-Pacific and the Middle East. Airport charges in 2019 to 2022 remained stable or decreased in nominal terms in Asia & Middle East by 4% on international routes; and increased only by +3% on domestic routes.

“The few airports that increased charges did it significantly below CPI levels after Covid in both domestic and international markets. Unlike airlines, airport operators do not have the privilege to set airport charges capable of covering the full cost of the service – this is not only because their prices are heavily regulated, but also because market driven factors, such as competition and/or a dominant buyer power exerted by airlines prevent them from doing so.”